Professional Athletes who Cheat in Sports Essay -- steroids, asca, bal

Professional athletes are role models to the American children across the Nation. Professional athletes must follow ethical standards to play fairly in their sport. This means that players must compete without the assistance of per markance enhancing medicates such as steroids (Tynes, 2006). Yet, professional athletes choose to cheat by winning illegal substances, which results in the death of some players and a entire variety of health problems. The Federal Government realized that the use of anabolic steroids is a form of cheating and defrauds the players and fans of real competition. As a result, for the concern of the athletes health and concern for the ethical standards of the game played, the Anabolic Steroid Act of 1990 (ASCA) was enacted (Tynes, 2006). The ASCA was passed to help the growing concerns of the wide spread of harmful substances that could cause long- term effects (Tynes, 2006). The ASCA made it illegal to take an unapproved substance while playing a profess ional sport. This research newsprint will try out professional athletes who participated in the major leagues and Olympic Games who used steroids to defraud the major Leagues Business and Olympic Associations to gain fame and fortune. The paper will examine the BALCO scandal (CNN.com, 2014), where many professional athletes admitted to taking steroids to improve physical sports performance. The BALCO scandal outs players from the American National sports leagues to Olympic competitive sports. A cover up of drug use led to not just a few but many players who chose to use steroids to improve their game. The case went to the courts and left many players to tell the fugly truth about other professional players. In some cases, the players denied responsibility and ... ...BILITY OF THE LEAGUES?. Marquette Sports Law Review, 17(2), 651-678. Thompson, T. (2007) Giambi admits he took steroids. DailyNews. New York.Tynes, J. (2006) Performance Enhancing Substances Effects, Regulations,and the Pervasive Efforts to Control Doping in Major Leagues. Journal of Legal Medicine. 27493-509.Unknown Author (2014) Barry Bonds convicted of obstruction of justice in performance-enhancing-drugs case. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles.USAToday (2007) BALCO Investigation Timeline. USA TODAY SPORTS ONLINE NEWSPAPER. Retrieved from http//usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/balco-timeline.htmUSAToday (2007) Mitchell Report Timeline. USA TODAY SPORTS ONLINE NEWSPAPER. Retrieved from http//usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/ baseball game/2007-12-13-mitchell-report-timeline_N.htmWikipedia (2014) BALCO Scandal. Retrieved from Wikipedia.com on March 14, 2014.

Management And Leadership Essay -- Business Management

Management and Leadership PaperEach person in a company brings his or her own experiences, values, and beliefs to the company. All the experiences, values, and beliefs combined formulate the organisational culture of the company. A sick ecesisal culture can cause visitation in a company. In a company with a healthy organizational culture employees work together to ensure the company r apiecees its goals. This paper go out discuss the roles leadership and management play in a healthy organizational culture. How the four functions of management support and maintain a healthy organizational culture will also be addressed. In addition, strategies that leaders can use to promote a healthy culture will also be reviewed.Each company has a vision. A leader helps others to see the vision and inspire them to make the vision reality. Bateman and Snell (2007) assert that leadership is ineffective without a vision, employees or teams can establish a vision for jobs or an organization, and many people are more focused on carrying out his or her duties each day. still some managers do not have a clear vision. When looking at an organizations culture, one sees the motivation given employees to achieve the organizations goals.One way a leader motivates employees is to lead by example. For example, if a leader states that company policy is company vehicles are not to be used for personal business, the same leader must also abide by the policy. When an employee observes a leader not following a company policy, the employee is less(prenominal) inclined to follow the policy. From time to time vendors will impart such items as baseball or rodeo tickets to purchasing personnel at XYZ, Inc. In separate to avoid a conflict of interest, the tickets are accept... ...omote a healthy organizational culture. The four functions of management play a role in supporting and maintaining a companys culture. A healthy organizational culture will go beyond the every day duties and ensure comp any goals are achieved. The values, beliefs, and experiences of each employee blend to create a unique environment within a company. Each person has his or her part in helping the organizational culture.ReferencesAdler, H. (2007, December). primal leader characteristics. Leadership Excellence, 24(12), 5. Retrieved May 6, 2008 from ProQuest database.Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2007). Management The new competitive landscape (7th ed.). New York McGraw Hill/Irwin.Bova, M. (2008, March 18). Are you a leader or a manager? EzineArticles. Retrieved May 5, 2008 from http//ezinearticles.com/index.php?Are-You-A-Leader-Or-A-Manager?&id=1047476

My Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

My Statement of Educational Goals and Philosophy Throughout my life I have had mentors, mentors that I have looked up to and admired, those mentors have been teachers. As long as I have remembered I have expected to be a teacher. How could you not want to experience the joy of helping a child grow up in to adults? Being in the education profession forget be real trying, but if I can just influence one person it volition be worth it all. Influence is a very powerful thing, teachers know how to use influence to their advantage. I am hoping that through observations of classrooms and the education classes here at Concord that I will learn how to be a teacher and not just dream about it. A teacher is a very prestigious career to strive for. You have to be able to deal with every thing all at once and make it work. You cant worry about what you are dealing with in your own life, when you are at school you are in the kids lives. Kids go through ma ny obstacles therefore, they need a person who will listen and be there for them. Sometimes a teacher is the only role model that a child has to look up to. I want to be that person. After I graduate from Concord with a bachelors in elementary education, I hope to obtain my masters before I offset teaching. When I begin teaching, my goal is to teach Kindergarten at a public school in the area. I believe in the essentialism philosophy to a degree. I estimate that teachers should instruct the essentials of the academics. I think that teachers should incorporate more traditional thinking in their lessons. I would even like schools to have uniforms for students to wear. I think that uniforms set everyone on the same level to learn, so they are not worried about what everyone is wearing. The essentialism philosophy focuses on academics first and they disagree with

Schindlers List Essay -- essays research papers

Schindlers ListOskar Schindler was a wealthy German industrialist, who made much of his wealth by employing Jewish men and women in his conglomerate factories. In the movie Schindlers List, it starts off with Schindler in a restaurant with many high ranking Nazi officers eating there. He starts off by buying a officer a bottle of expensive wine, but it does not end there. Before the night is gone he has boughten dinner for all of the officers. This is how he made friends, friends with power.At this record the War was already underway and Schindler seized an oppurtunity to make money. Thinking ahead he hires a Jewish accountant that he believes is very qualified for that position. At first this accountant is careful of the way he acts around Schindler because Schindler is a member of the Nazi Party and fears for his life.The point of the movie in which Schindler starts to view the Jewish people differently is when the Nazis start to flush out the ghettos. From a hilltop he watch es, especially a teentsy girl walking through the streets like she is abandoned. At this time he starts to pull his favors from those officers he treated to dinner a while back. He meets Geoth, a SS officer that is known for his cruelty in the Concentration Camps. Schindler starts to gain the trust and admiration of Geoth and he takes advantage of that friendship. He tells Geoth that he will pay him a certain am...

Hocus Pocus Abracadabra Essay -- Mythology

As a child the notion of delusion was as simple as a magician sawing a woman in half, then(prenominal) piecing her back together, or the illusion of a human gravitating in mid air. Even as adults, we are still awed by such diversion entertainments of magic. On the contrary, Rebecca L. Stein and Philip L. Stein depict magic as a way of life similarly to elements of religion. In The Anthropology of Religion, legerdemain, and Witchcraft Stein and Stein illustrated magic as being a subcategory to religion laws of magic functions of magic how it works magic in society and divination. In terms, of magic, what is it and what makes it real? WHAT IS MAGIC?Magic refers to methods that in some way interface with the supernatural and by which people can bring about particular outcomes (Stein and Stein 136). Unlike religion, magic is geared to the satisfaction of an individual (e.g. Voodoo). Magic in contemporary societies has negative connotations affiliating magic to witchcraft or Voodoo like practices. Unlike religions rituals that tend to involve the whole of the community, magic is often relate on the needs and desires of an individual (Stein and Stein 137). However, in Western civilizations magic is the answer to unanswerable questions, and is the validation to which things are the way they are (dream interpretations, psychics). For instance, teenyboppers craze all over horoscopes in Pop culture magazines. Readers feed into justifications to their emotions and faith, and hopes of true love. Overall, who wants to be in the world alone and lost? Therefore, horoscopes are the directions when one is confused when they are at the fork in the road. Based on that, is magic an omniscient power that can collectively derive from the supernatural? In some cases, m... ...o are hungry, or the faith for those who are near the edge of giving up. Regardless of the levels of diversity in cultures magic exist in various forms. Works Cited1.Howie, Linda, et al. Some Thoughts on Magic Its Use and Effect in Undergraduate Student Life. Totem The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 19.1 (2011) 187. Web 30 Mar. 20122.Stein, Rebecca L, and Stein L. Philip. The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft. 3rd ed. *Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, (2011), p. 136. Print3.Stein, Rebecca L, and Stein L. Philip. The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft. 3rd ed. *Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, (2011), p. 137. Print 4.Zorich, Zach. Archaeology Fighting with Jaguars, Bleeding for Rain 61.1 (2008) n. pag. Web. 30 Mar 2012. http//www.archaeology.org/0811/etc/boxing.html.

Hocus Pocus Abracadabra Essay -- Mythology

As a child the notion of prank was as simple as a magician sawing a woman in half, then piecing her back together, or the illusion of a human gravitating in mid air. Even as adults, we are still awed by such pastime entertainments of magic. On the contrary, Rebecca L. stein and Philip L. Stein depict magic as a way of deportment similarly to elements of religion. In The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft Stein and Stein illustrated magic as being a subcategory to religion laws of magic functions of magic how it works magic in society and divination. In terms, of magic, what is it and what makes it real? WHAT IS MAGIC?Magic refers to methods that somehow interface with the supernatural and by which people can bring about particular outcomes (Stein and Stein 136). opposed religion, magic is geared to the satisfaction of an individual (e.g. Voodoo). Magic in contemporary societies has negative connotations affiliating magic to witchcraft or Voodoo like practices. Unlik e religions rituals that tend to involve the whole of the community, magic is often centered on the needs and desires of an individual (Stein and Stein 137). However, in Western civilizations magic is the answer to incontestable questions, and is the validation to which things are the way they are (dream interpretations, psychics). For instance, teenyboppers craze over horoscopes in Pop culture magazines. Readers feed into justifications to their emotions and faith, and hopes of true love. Overall, who wants to be in the world wholly and lost? Therefore, horoscopes are the directions when one is confused when they are at the fork in the road. Based on that, is magic an omniscient power that can jointly derive from the supernatural? In some cases, m... ...o are hungry, or the faith for those who are near the edge of giving up. Regardless of the levels of diversity in cultures magic exist in various forms. Works Cited1.Howie, Linda, et al. Some Thoughts on Magic Its Use and Effect in Undergraduate Student Life. Totem The University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 19.1 (2011) 187. weave 30 Mar. 20122.Stein, Rebecca L, and Stein L. Philip. The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft. 3rd ed. *Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, (2011), p. 136. Print3.Stein, Rebecca L, and Stein L. Philip. The Anthropology of Religion, Magic, and Witchcraft. 3rd ed. *Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education, (2011), p. 137. Print 4.Zorich, Zach. Archaeology armed combat with Jaguars, Bleeding for Rain 61.1 (2008) n. pag. Web. 30 Mar 2012. http//www.archaeology.org/0811/etc/boxing.html.

Motivation and Hygiene as Issues of Control Essay

Economics is usually considered a basically quantitative affair numbers, charts graphs. It is rare that professional economists memorialise that there are real people under those pompous numbers, real communities and families who suffer if times get bad. Frederick Herzbergs (1959) two level theory on worker satis particularion, while non specifically from the field of stintings, is important in rectifying this imbalance in general, Herzbergs theory of motivation and hygiene is a soft set of ideas that speak not merely of numbers, efficiency and production, but also the qualitative nature of worker satisfaction and reward which is removed more important than anything the numbers suggest.This paper will deal with a few ideas related to employee control and ownership over business and its copulation to Herzbergs variables in monetary value of worker satisfaction.First, the nature of the theory itself. Herzberg deals with the concepts of worker satisfaction through both motivation and hygiene. The former deals primarily with questions of satisfaction through what is to fall down promotion, recognition, rewards, increases in pay. The latter(prenominal) is more quantitative, but still of large qualitative importance basic job security, good work environment and the expectation of future satisfaction (Herzberg, 1959).Herzbergs findings show, insofar as immediate causality is concerned, that the former are key to satisfaction on the job. The latter are important, but only indirectly, they do not (in themselves) lead to any sense of job satisfaction, but any qualitative lowering of these variables can lead to substantial dissatisfaction. However this is aroused, they are both of immense importance.Second, this paper must deal with the present economic crisis. The resolutions here involve the increasing debt of the American economy, as well as the American state. The present economic crisis can be summarized by the extension of credit far beyond the economys a bility to repay. But this extension of credit came into existence in order to absorb excess production, as well as maintain Americas central role in the global economy as the worlds marketplace. All of this has led to an explosion of public and private debt, massive foreclosures, bankruptcy and, most important, a major threat to the integrity of the American dollar and Americas role in the world economy.As of 2009, this has meant that the US economy is in a period of contraction, as firms no lifelong have the ability to extend credit with any sense of the possibility of being repaid. Once the banks got the jitters over this, they sent signals throughout the economy that sustain the contraction of credit the lifeblood the modern economy for better or for worse, especially in the real estate market.Debt artificially inflated prices (including stocks), leading to an overvaluation far beyond the actual value of the commodities. But, since the US market is the worlds largest and the sa vings rate the lowest, there is little to cushion such a gathering of debt, and hence, it affected Americas major trading partners as well, leading to a global recession and indeed, depression.Now, third, the remainder of this paper will deal with the relation between Herzbergs two level theory and the present depression. Unfortunately, this is where things get depressing, and the economists obsession with numbers that dont have personalities start to make sense. permit us begin with the first level, that of motivatorsSince, in general, this depression is based on the massive and irrational expansion of credit (and hence, debt), debt must be the first issue in dealing with motivators. If one has run up credit card debt and has seen the interest rate shoot up as banks seek to make up lost ground, the issue of default is a real one. This develops as a negative motivating factor that will not be made up anytime soon. One sees himself as laboring harder and harder while unable to keep up even with the interest in various debts credit cards, homes, cars and luxuries such as pastime systems.But just as important, if one is working just to finance debt, one can not also help but notice the fact that class differences in the western world are getting sharper and sharper. The wealthy classes can weather such storms, and in fact, may benefit from them, sightedness their smaller competitors go into receivership. Hence, the first positive motivating factor is for class divisions to be reduced the wealthy, whose practices helped bring the current crisis about, need to begin assisting labor in the payment of debts.While high profile cases such as Bill Gates and Warren Buffett giving billions to their own charities that reflect their personal and corporate ideological positions, none of this high profile giving assists the rank and file laborer. It is possible that substantial profit sharing and employee ownership of businesses should be mandatory and guaranteed by the state in exchange for worker loyalty.The question of employee ownership (hence, disenfranchising the major stock holders) is an important one given the confines of Herzbergs theory of motivators, since such an snuggle will provide a certain emotional boost, as well as solve the problem of employee recognition and promotion. Employee ownership and employee direction of business is inwrought to assist workers in paying debts and increasing job satisfaction, since they will be working for themselves. Jobs should become careers rather than merely slaving for a living. Giving workers a govern in the day today running of business and a financial stake in the firm itself is essential for increasing productivity. It will certainly come at the expense of the upper classes, but it is these classes that have benefitted from the long standing extension of credit that has fueled the western economic bubble.

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Strength Development of Fly Ash Concrete

Upon this survey it is shown that the UPV and violence development, severally, with the age of the cover havingdifferent gasify ash tree. Both increase their durability with age.At the same age, both UPV and the aptitude of cover with low per centum fly ash ar higher than those with high per centum fly ashmainly because of the denser construction of cover with lower fly ash, thisindicates that concrete with high fly ash at the age of 1 yearss has a UPV of slightly 89 % of that of 30 yearss, but the strength is merely approximately 60 % concrete becomes ill-defined when age and mixture proportion is taken into consideration at the same time. This observation suggests that it is be better to individually happen the bit of age and mixture proportion on UPV and strength relationshipIt was concluded that the relationship between the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity ( UPV ) and compressive strength of concrete every bit ingenuous as to understand the influence of the mixture proportio n and the age of concrete on the relationship between UPV and compressive strength. Specific decisions are as followsThe UPV and strength growing rates of high and low per centum dischargely ash concrete have a important difference at an early age. As a consequence, to clearly specify the relationship between UPV and the strength of concrete with different mixture proportions, it is necessary to extinguish the intervention ca apply by the different UPV and strength growing rates of concrete at early ages. The equations obtained from the simulation loops can be used to find the mortar strengths of the howitzer mix proportions.1.1 Sorptivity TestBased on the ASTN C 1585-04 criterion sorptivity ravel is concerned with measuring of the rate of soakage up of water system by hydraulic- cementum concrete. Therefore this trial is focused on measuring the persuasiveness and strength of fly ash howitzer relation to sorptivity. Research shows that in civil technology gauge howitzer or c oncrete is associated with good compaction strength every bit good as reduced degrees of sorptivity obtained through efficient casting and hardening. ( Ho et al. 1989 Ho & A Lewis, 1988 ) .With most make stuffs being porous, suction of wet and motion belongingss of such stuffs have been established to be the primary cause of many civil technology jobs such as corrosion, procedure of wetting and drying etc. this prompted research focussing on the undermentioned critical parametric quantities capillary action potency, piddle diffusivity and hydraulic conduction. To accomplish the aim, sorptivity proving manner that involves a uni-directional H2O soaking up from the samples was adopted. Based on this method, specimen cumulative sum of H2O absorbed is related to the square root of the discerp consumed therefore set uping the following relationship ( Hall, 1981 ) I = S* T0.5where S = sorptivityT0.5= cut short taken ( elapsed )Therefore sorptivity can be assessed and evaluated thr ough capillary action measurings. This is achieved through finding the rate of stuff soaking up topic to its homogeneousness constituents. During the observational procedure, both H2O and superplasticizer were utilized as trial fluids. Therefore, the casted uninterrupted hexahedron samples were so placed or immersed in H2O for a period of 30 yearss bring arounding after which the specimens ( sized 50 mm * 50 millimeter ) were dried in an oven for over 72 hours in temperatures of 85 C.The measure of H2O gripped by the samples ( specimens ) in a clip frame of 30 proceedingss was determined through the procedure of weighing the specimens utilizing a top pan balance weighing up to 0.1 milligram. The truth of the consequence obtained is ensured by pass overing off surface H2O on the specimen utilizing a dampened tissue and each deliberation operation for single specimen was done within 30 seconds. The consequence obtained is evaluated utilizing sorptivity relationship equation illustra ted below ( Hall & A Tse, 1986 ) I = S* T0.5Therefore S=i/ t?Where S= rate of sorptivity ( in millimetres )t= clip taken ( in proceedingss )I = ?w/Ad ?w = difference in heaviness obtained = Wi-WdWd = the dry weight of the oven prohibitionist ( in gms )Wi = weight of the regular hexahedron submergence specimen after 30 proceedingss soaking up of H2O ( in gm ) . aim 13 Sorptivity1.2 Water AbsorptionFigures ( 11, 12, and 13 ) identifies and presents the waterabsorption value for 1, 7, and 30 yearss for assorted mixtures. It is shown that when the fly ash is acquiring finer, the rate of H2O soaking up is lower. Furthermore, the higher the fly ash/ cement ratio, the no nothingnesss for the H2O to sip through to increase the weight of the regular hexahedrons ( Prinyaet al. , 2005 ) .Lower the rate of H2O soaking up. This is because when the volume of fly ash is increasing, it will make across-the-board the nothingnesss, increasing the denseness and hence be forestalling H2O soaking up ( Prinyaet al. , 2007 ) .Figure 14 Hardening age One twenty-four hoursFigure 15 Curing age Seven yearssFigure 16 Curing age 30 yearssDue to there being a limited experimental probe refering the H2O soaking up andsorptivityof howitzer, the undermentioned observations are made sing the opposition of partly replaced Pozzocrete13 proportion howitzer.1.3 Variation of residuary compressive strength with UPVResidual compressive strength of specimens lessenings with addition in UPV. Variation of residuary compressive strength with UPV is shown in Figure 18 0 % specimen which recorded a residuary strength of 12.62 ( MPa ) corresponds to maximum UPV 2381 % ( m/s ) among the three series. In contrast, 45 % specimen with 3132 ( m/s ) UPV maximal residuary compressive strength of 34.02 ( MPa ) . A multinomial tilt line for the relationship curve with corresponding equation gave a value of arrested development coefficient ( R2 ) of 0.9091.Table 4 Relationship between compressive strength and UPV Figure 18 Compaction Strength with UPV1.4 Residual compressive strength with H2O soaking upA Digital compaction proving machine was employed to find the compressive strength of the specimen at regular intervals. The inside informations of howitzer specimens are given in Table 4 ( below )Table 5 Water soaking up, compressive strengthIncrease in H2O soaking up with residuary compressive strength of specimens lessenings. Variation of residuary compressive strength with H2O soaking up is show in Figure 19 ( below ) 0 % specimen which recorded a residuary strength of 34.02 corresponds to minimal H2O soaking up 6.30 % among the three series. In contrast, 45 % specimen with 13.57 % H2O soaking up retained minimal residuary compressive strength of 10.47 % . A multinomial tendency line for the relationship curve with corresponding equation gave a value of arrested development coefficient ( R2 ) of 0.9999.Figure 19 Relationship between compressive strength and H2O soaking up.1.5 Materials1.5. 1 SuperplasticizerIn concrete mixtures superplasticizer sums with high C fly ash add-on in the sum of 15, 30, and 45 % by weight of the cement content, it is executable to cut down the sum of H2O by 50 % , while utilizing mixtures superplasticizer.The find and innovation of concrete alloies has witnessed enormous development in the building industry. In civil technology, alloies are used to better the belongingss and quality of building concrete in assorted ship canal ( Ramachandran, 2001 ) . This usually occurs during the blending procedure therefore impacting the building howitzer in the undermentioned positive ways Promoting workability of concreteBettering strength and strength of the howitzerEnhance opposition against jobs such as corrosion, freezing and thaw actionIncrease H2O proofing characteristic in the concreteSuperplasticizer is an ingredient alloy used in concrete for assorted intents. The ingredient can be defined as the stuff advancing high degree of cut downing H2O in the concrete ( Csetenyi, Dhir & A Hewlett, 2002 ) . As a consequence, this stuff enhances the belongingss of building howitzer hence enabling the followers It enhances workability rate through increased placing features of concrete during buildingIt minimizes the measure of H2O used in readying of howitzer at assorted ratios therefore advancing strength and lastingnessThe stuff is environmental friendly as it minimizes on the cement use every bit good as thermic strain ensuing from the procedure of hydration.In this trial, the adoptive superplasticizer is fly ash stuff ( polymer ) which has the belongingss necessary to focalise concrete strength and lastingness ( Spiratos, 2003 ) . Some of the two basic features that this superplasticizer ( fly ash ) stuff has are There are high H2O decrease agents in building howitzerThey have a self-compacting capableness in concrete1.5.2 Fly AshComposed of a non-combustible component of coal compounds, fly ash grains are characterized by glassy spherical ball bearing finer atoms compared to ordinary Portland cement atoms. The atoms are micro-sized mensurating between 0.1m-150 m. The stuff is a pozzolanic and reacts with free calcium hydroxide in the movement of H2O therefore bring forthing Ca silicate hydrate ( C-S-H ) . CSH is the critical constituent that enables bonding of atoms and heightening strength every bit good as guaranting lastingness of gluing in concrete. As a byproduct, wing ash can be obtained assorted beginnings particularly power coevals workss such as Maize Products ( A division of Sayaji Industries Ltd ) Power works.Figure 20 High Carbon Fly Ash ( HCFA )1.5.3 CementFor the controlled experiment in this survey, Ordinary Portland Cement ( OPC ) is utilised to enable and help proper comparing consequences. Through the comparing the survey will be able to avail proper grounds on the effects that fly ash has on the building howitzer or concrete as used in civil technology. The OPC used is categorized as of 53 class which conforms to Be 8112-1989 criterion. A assortment of experimental trials were performed on cement to specify its pertinence in assorted Fieldss such as ecology, environment, economic system, engineering, etc. some of the trials implicate specific gravitation, consistence trials, puting clip trials, compressive strengths, etc.1.5.4 WaterBing a multi-usable constituent, H2O is a important ingredient of concrete readying in civil technology. Besides enabling possible and proper commixture of the concrete stuffs, it triggers and catalyses chemical reactions between stuffs. However, H2O is composed of chemical substances that may impact the concluding quality of howitzer or concrete used in a building. This is particularly when it reacts with other stuffs bring forthing other compounds that will negatively act upon the quality of howitzer in footings of strength and lastingness among others. In add-on to this the ratio used will besides find the result of the concl uding concrete compound. Thus the ratio of H2O cement used is 0.25 and 0.25 for superplasticizer of howitzer.In respect, a mixture of class M25 and M40 conforming to IS 102622009 were designed and implemented in the experiment to fix the trial samples. After undergoing casting and H2O soaking up for 30 yearss bring arounding, the 50 millimeter * 50 millimeter cubed specimens were dried for a period of 36 hours at the temperatures of110C until the mass became incessant suggestion for the deliberation procedure. The resulted weight obtained was recorded as dry weight ( Wd ) for specimens. The samples were so placed in H2O at room temperatures for a clip frame of 36 hours after which the specimens were once more weighed and noted as submergence weight ( WI ) . Therefore the per centum of H2O soaking up is given by the formu

SERVICE LEARNING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

AbstractionThis interrogation give analyze the evidences for implementing SL at University of Prishtina, by analysing the pupils attitude towards SL. It pull up stakes concenter in happening the most appropriate rules of how to implement SL in ESL and motivate instructors and pupils to be portion of it. The survey will be investigated through pupil s questionnaire, t distributivelyer s questionnaire, and concentrate meeting where pupils will be take parting. These regularitys will be used in order to analyze the pupils experience and sentiments on service skill in ESL, and teacher s readiness and willingness to integrate armed service Learning in their ESL instruction environment.The survey will reply the look for inquiries and formalize the hypotheses. abstract of consequences will be used in order to set up the evidences for implementing portion Learning into the bing feed in of study in ESL plans and big(a) the pupils an come up to use experience and make dole dge in extant deportment state of affairss.Introduction helping Learning isa new attack that merges the academic work with actual life state of affairss, this encourages the pupils to reflect on their ain experience in life and believe in a critical manner nigh it.Its chief constituents argon reflection and experience. Service acquisition is built on squad work, it combines larning aims with service aims, Teachs duty to light-green pupils and raises community demands aw atomic number 18ness through instruction. The concluding end of Service Learning is run intoing class contents while prosecuting pupils in acquisition by making and reflecting upon their ain experience. The brooding action and the experience that is put forrad in this type of larning develops pupil s intelligence and forms their manner of larning while taking to organize their single variety of study.Harmonizing to Dewey Education should promote engagement deep down the community, develop movements that will work out existent life jobs, and learn the pupils to go trustworthy citizens ( Dewey, 1938 ) . This view is utilise in US instruction system.In station communist states such as Kosovo community based childbeds were non portion of instruction. Education was led by an iron-fist methodological analysis that was implemented in guinea pig course of study, which glorified the communism as a perfect political orientation. There was no room for inventions or either sort of service other(a) than Communist.However, this epoch came to an terminal and gave room to new epoch and political orientations that will convey productive methods and attacks in instruction. As a consequence of the stray indemnity that former Communist states experienced today the demand for Service Learning in the Balkans is bigger than of all time and the demand for its execution into national course of study is critical. The industrialisation, globalisation challenges and the new world in Kosovo require an advan ced instruction, a manner that will put the focal point in existent life, in the community and the existent jobs, a manner based on acquisition by making. There is an inaugural about implementing Service Learning in the Balkans. Since this correlates with to day of the month democracy, and this being the primary focal point of the Balkan states the involvement grows every twenty-four hours. To exemplify the attempt for implementing SL in ESL I will suggest some enterprises Service Learning Conference, held in Bijela, Montenegro in June, 2006 under the subject Increasing Community Impact and Educational Outcomes in Higher Education . This was a plan that was developed by the South Eastern Europe Junior Faculty, and was supported by the Ameri keep Councils. This was an enterprise for the Balkans and it continues to develop and spread out as a plan in the part.On schoolroom execution of SL it is valuable to advert the innovator of this method in FYROM, severally in the SEEU, Aida K oci. As a JFDP alumnus she modified her talks in order her pupils to commiserate the challenges that particular needs pupils face every twenty-four hours. This speaks loud that service Learning can be implemented in every class topic, in this peculiar one she used her Needs Analysis class to make and affect pupils in a substantive seminar where they had the opportunity to personally hear the challenges of two handicapped pupils and the experts of that field. Ms Koci s hope that the pupils will reflect on the experience and the cognition gained from this undertaking in their future employment as instructors marked this enterprise as a milepost in the huge see of SL chance.1.1 Research AimsThe habitual purpose of this research is to research instructor s willingness to implement SL into ESL plan. At the same clip, the research will analyze the pupils positions on SL as a undertaking oriented plan. The probe of this research will be done through a questionnaire and a focal point group.1.2 The major aims of this survey areTo hind end the possibilities of farther implementing SL at University of Prishtina.To analyse the pupils attitude towards SL.To urge the most appropriate methods of how to implement SL in the course of study and motivate instructors and pupils to be portion of it.Literature ReviewService acquisition is dedicated to implement alterations within an educational system by perpetrating to it with serious motive that derives from agent s involvement, emotions and spirit. These tools make Service larning a device that will take towards a alteration that will ensue with higher thought accomplishments in scholars, improved ability to reflect on experience, better apprehension of existent life jobs, battle in the community where scholar lives, and readying for life outside of the schoolroom. A young person geared with such accomplishments will without any uncertainties pave the route to a brighter problem-solving hereafter.A peculiar topic that re quires a particular involvement in my part and besides broader is the ESL plan and the debut of Service Learning in this plan. The common inquiries that ESL instructors ask are the undermentioned1. Have my pupils learned what they were taught? 2. Can they utilize what they were taught in existent life state of affairss? 3. Is at that place knowledge functioning them in category merely? 4. And eventually, can they be fluent in existent life state of affairss when utilizing English wording? Thankss to the work and theories of many research workers the first stairss are taken towards implementing positive alterations to current instruction and ESL. The pillar of this thought was installed by John Dewey, to whose work and accomplishments we must mention when talking about larning based on experience. In Experience and NatureDewey provinces that experiential acquisition has an impact on epistemology, ( quoted by Kolb 1984, p. 161 ) athe ways in which we believe and expect have a enor mous consequence on what we believe and expect a We discover that we believe many things non because the things are so but because we have become habituated ( to them ) through the weight of authorization, by imitation, prestigiousness, establishment, and unconscious consequence of linguistic communication .These two impressions that Dewey emphasized the connexion of the pupils with acquisition, and how pupils know what they know is in fact believed to ease 2nd linguistic communication acquisition at best because is self- goaded manner and non imposed by another party, authorization, or a instructor.Besides experience, contemplation is another important constituent of the learning rhythm. Harmonizing to David Kolb The scholar is straight in touch with the worlds being studieda ( He or she has a direct brush with the phenomenon being studied ) , instead simply believing about the brush or merely sing the possibility of making something with it .This constitute is non new, and it i s a really of import 1 for ESL categories excessively. Language scholars need a context that they understand and which is meaningful excessively. Here is what Mary Ann Christison, in Applications of Brain-Based Research for here and now Language Teaching and Learning ( 1999 ) , inferred about the meaningful context in Language Learning ( quoted by Minor 2001 ) Facts and accomplishments that are taught in isolation and non machine-accessible to something meaningful can non be remembered without considerable pattern and dry run Second linguistic communication schoolroom activities that are meaningful create an saint acquisition chance for 2nd linguistic communication pupils to larn more information in a shorter clip, with less attempt .In an ESL category pupils cognitive accomplishments and acquisition enhances merely when they are exposed to context that relates to significance.Harmonizing to Laura Latulippe ( 1999 ) pupils proficiency in linguistic communication is in direc t correlativity with the sum of their exposure to meaningful context and they should be exposed to it wheresoever and whenever possible.Another benefit for the pupils of ESL is the schooling of humane value ( Minor 2001 ) , and the true image about the society and its value. On this Howard Berry and Linda Chisholm ( 1999 ) , believe that Foremost among the intents ( of higher instruction ) is that of giving immature grownups the accomplishments and comprehensiveness of cognition to believe profoundly about the constructions of their society and to allow values which must regulate their personal and professional lives ( p.12 ) .Service larning in ESL may travel out of their schoolroom and utilize what they have learned, reflect upon that experience and what they learned when they are back in category in order to heighten acquisition, and it promotes humanist values.Harmonizing to Kendall an effectual plan is the 1 that has the undermentioned elementsEngages people in responsible an d ambitious actions for the common good Provides structured chances for people to reflect on their service experience Articulates clear service and learning ends for everyone involved Clarifies the duty of each individual and organisation involved Includes preparation, supervising, monitoring, support, acknowledgment and rating to run into service and learning ends Is committed to plan engagement by and with diverse population ( Kendall, 1990, p.40 ) .Previous Studies and ResearchA review of the old surveies that are conducted in the field of SL in linguistic communication acquisition will supply the evidences for important replies to the inquiries being investigated. SL is instead a immature field and as a consequence of this the pool of researches that are conducted in this filed is non every bit deep as is the topic s demand. Previous surveies and researches are conducted in order to light and clear up the importance and the positive consequence of Service larning in ESL in orde r to set up the development of this plan. Many establishments since 2000 have implemented Service larning in theirCurricula. Sacred Heart University, to advert one, has successfully integrated SL in their ESL categories. Their ESL pupils go into the community on weekly footing and they visit and serve to a local soup kitchen, an simple school, a tutoring bureau, a retirement community, a Habitat for Humanity building undertaking, and so forth The services they offer are assorted, get downing from fixing and functioning nutrient, helping instructors, tutoring, etc. In category they reflect to legion feelings, ideas, experiences and observations they ve had. They besides research and read about the issues they have observed in field ( homelessness, intervention of the aged, childhood instruction ) ( Minor, 2001 ) .Another interesting service larning undertaking is Mullaney s which sort Latino pupils of ESL with Spanish pupils whose native linguistic communication was English. This g ave both groups an chance to hold a colloquial spouse and enabled a bipartisan information replace and experience. To heighten their lingual development they were integrated into the community college, this was done with the purpose to do them experience as portion of the community and besides to give them the chance to pattern English linguistic communication while discoursing with native talkers. The pupils did non hold this opportunity to interact with native talkers in mundane life. In this undertaking they performed a service that was determine demand into the community, developed their sense of caring for others, their civic duty, and it enhanced their linguistic communication larning experience ( Hellebrandt, 1999 ) .Dawson s ( 2006 ) service -learning undertaking set-aside(p) the Sitka Tribe in Alaska. The pupils service in this undertaking was to interview the seniors of the Sitka Tribe in order to document their verbal history into written. The pupils besides assisted them in interpreting from their Indigenous into English. This divine native American pupils to larn more about their cultural heritage and imposts and history while heightening their academic accomplishment in History.A similar service acquisition undertaking is integrated in the course of study of the University of Prishtina, Department of English Language and Literature. Junior pupils group comprised of 12 pupils were engaged to finish 30 hours of interlingual rendition for a local intelligence bureau Kosova Live . They had to interpret the intelligence, edit, save the interlingual rendition, and header with deadlines. On boundary of this undertaking the pupils had to convey a file of their interlingual renditions to their instructor, for the portfolio appraisal. The educational goalsin this undertaking were Career readying Students will better their Albanian- English interlingual rendition skills.Standards mete the followersStudents will understand and construe written lingui stic communication on a assortment of subjects Students present information, constructs, and thoughts to an audience of readers on a assortment of reliable subjects Students question apprehension of the nature of linguistic communication through comparings of the linguistic communication studied and their ain Students use the linguistic communication both within and beyond the school scene. The spouse in this undertaking Kosova Live Agency benefited from this coaction from the translated intelligence into Albanian and the service was provided for free. The professor proofread the interlingual rendition work of the pupils and identified the grammatical or vocabulary constructs in which pupils need to better. Then the instructor created lessons to assist them learn/practice those constructs. Besides, the pupils received points in category for finishing the interlingual renditions accurately in the signifier of a undertaking or assignment. This was the appraisal of the pupil larnin g ends.Research QuestionsQ1 Why should we advance service-learning?Q2 Why is it of import that service-learning be incorporated in the traditional course of study?Q3 How can service-learning be incorporated in linguistic communication larning course of study?Research HypothesissH1. Service acquisition is a press cutting border methodological analysis that helps non merely the community but pedagogues and scholars besides it can be adapted to any class that is taught in the school.H2. Service larning helps pupils understand better the content of the class because they learn by making which fits in with the ends of the Bologna procedure.H3. Service larning gives pupils an chance to utilize their cognition in a socially meaningful context which improves the relevancy and pertinence of their cognition.Research Design and MethodologyData Gathering ProcedureThis present survey will do usage of implementing processs to accomplish the intent of the survey4.1 ParticipantsParticipants in thi s research will be pupils of the English Language Department at SEEU in Tetovo, and Mechanical Engineering Faculty University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje. The pupils will be chosen based on their experience and consequences, and besides based on their instructors mention.MethodologyThe research methodological analysis that will be used in this research is numeric method that will be gathered through pupils and instructors questionnaire and focal point group.The questionnaires will be distributed to the pupils at the SEEU and Mechanical Engineering Faculty. In both establishments Service Learning has been introduced since 2006, and the choice of the pupils will be done based on their 5 twelvemonth engagement in this plan. Teacher s questionnaire will be used in order to measure instructors engagement in SL plans and their motive for SL undertakings.Focus group is a group activity for pupils development and the purpose of this method is to mensurate how they will run i nto the class content and the addition larning through SL undertakings.Finally, figures, charts, and tabular arraies will be included and analyzed in the research melodic theme in order to hold a clear image of the survey.4.3 ProcedureA pupil s questionnaire will be distributed in order to obtain informations related to pupil s background and their perceptual experience of SL. Students will be given instructions and the research worker will explicate the intent of the questionnaire.Afterwards, a instructor s questionnaire will be distributed in order to derive general information in relation to teacher s attitude towards SL and the manner it is implemented in ESL schoolroom. Again, the intent of the survey will be explained in item.Finally, there will be a focal point group and the pupils will be given the chance to portion thoughts about SL undertakings that they will be assigned to, this will function as an appropriate tool of appraisal. The pupils will be good briefed firsthand about the plan, the undertaking that they will be assigned to and the expected results of it.Analysis of DatasSome instruments will be used in the probe portion of the research piece of music in order to roll up the information. It is expected the information analysis will ensue with the utility of SL plan execution as an advanced thought in instruction and its purpose to develop the pupils larning into something significant to them by offering custodies on instruction and acquisition by making exterior of the schoolroom. Quantitative method will be used in the research paper in order to exemplify the consequences obtained from both instructors and pupils.Interpretation of ConsequencesThe research will expose the scholars perceptual experiences about SL undertakings and demo its importance in linguistic communication acquisition. Additionally, the survey will demo the instructors attitude towards SL plan and the manner they tend to implement it in the course of study. Another po rtion of the research paper will include the replies from pupils and instructors questionnaires and the focal point group consequences.Master Thesis ContentTable OF CONTENTSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..ACKNOWLEDGMENTSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..ABSTRACTaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Chapter I INTRODUCTIONaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..Background of the Studyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..Significance of the Studyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..Purposes and Aims of the Studyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Description of Thesis Organizationaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa Conclusionaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEWaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaChapter III PREVIOUSSTUDIES ON SERVICE LEARNINGaaaaaaaaaaaa..3.1 aaaaaa..aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .3.2.aaaaaaaaaaaaaa3.3 aaaaaaaa.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaChapter IV RESEARCH METHODOLOGY4.1 Purpose of Studyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..4.2 Research Questionsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..4.3 Research Hypothesis aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa aaaa .4.4 Research Design and Methodologyaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .4.4.1 Participantsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 4.4.2 Instrumentsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ..4.4.3 Proceduresaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Chapter V Analysis OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSaaa.aaaaaaaaaaa..5.1 Students Questionnaireaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..5.2 Teachers Questionnaireaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..5.3 Focus Groupaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa 5.4 Comparison of Resultsaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa .Chapter VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaChapter VII Restriction OF STUDYaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ..REFERENCESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa..APPENDICESaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ..

Intelligence vs. Brain Size

discussion vs. Brain size Project 2 Data Collection College Algebra 161 November 15, 2012 Intelligence vs. Brain size The Data Collection project was designed to teach students how to collect, and organize, describe and document entropy using Excel lists and graphs. I chose this particular up to(p) to research to further my understanding of the evolution of human species. Can intelligence and brain size be directly related, and as intelligence increases, what happens to the size of our brains? I conducted my research through the internet by searching for previous, creditable research by someone trained the in the field of Anthropology. The website that I found to induct to most applyful information needed to conduct an extensive research with adequate background history in the subject was Creation Studies. org. The website contained an article scripted by the institutes chief technical advisor, Steven Rowitt, Th. M. , Ph. D. After reviewing the information contained in the arti cle, I was able to forge a hypothesis.My hypothesis is that as humans evolve, and intelligence increases, so does the size of the brain. The tools used in this project were the website from which I obtained the information and Microsoft excel which I used to document and chart the data. Using that data I was able to formulate a graph, and a mathematical manikin that could rill and support my hypothesis. The graph shows you the trend of growth in brain size, per ____(one railyard years.However you decide to chart it)- The mathematical model formulated from the graphed data, will allow future testing to see if the trend still continues, or if the size of a human brain reaches a maximum or minimum. The goal was to chart previous data collected by experts to support my hypothesis as wellhead as predict and test the size of human brains in the future if the trend continued and develop a ductar equation to represent the findings. I began by collecting 12 points of data of the averag e size of human brains at a specific time (years) in history.I recorded the average size of the brain in the year that correlated it. After collecting the data, I plotted the data in Excel and used a best line fit to give me a linear equation/linear regression model to represent my data. See table below We entered the data is as follows The self-supporting variable was the number of condom bands which represented the x axis. The dependent variable was how far the orb fell, which represented the y axis. We chose a domain of 0 to 25 because the number of meritless bands we used ranged from 0 bands to 15 bands.By choosing a domain or an x-axis of this amount, it gives you a graph that allows you to see the line past 15 rubber bands. We went with a range for of 0 to 90 inches because according to our data, the maximum number of inches that the egg dropped was 67 inches so in order to get a break picture of the data we extended the y-axis to 90 inches. The linear regression model th at fitted our data was D(r) = 3. 948r + 5. 758, with the y-intercept being (0, 5. 758) and m= 3. 948 inches.Interpretation for the data in the context of the study ground on our linear regression model, is at zero rubber bands, the egg would fall 5. 758 inches, and with each added rubber band the egg would fall an additional 3. 948 inches. To test this linear regression equation we were given a length of 67 inches. To mathematically solve for 67 inches to predict the number of rubber bands needed, we solved for (r) as follows D(r) = 3. 948r + 5. 758 67(r) = 3. 948r + 5. 758 r = 15. 5 What we concluded from our mathematical prediction was that it would take 15. rubber bands to have a successful fall of 67 inches. Because it was not realistic to use 15. 5 rubber bands, we went with 15 instead. This was a realistic prediction because the length that the egg fell was 66 inches, without imposing any damage to the egg and loss us 1 inch from the original test value of 67 inches. Had we used 16 rubber bands instead, based on our linear regression model which states that for every rubber band added the egg would fall an additional 3. 948 inches it would have left our fall around 69. 48 inches and as a result go away us more than 2 inches from the original test value of 67 inches. Reasons for error in the project could be based on several components. The snap of the rubber bands varies from band to band which would cause a difference in the length of the fall and a change not resulting in a side of meat of 3. 948 inches. During the earlier part of the project, for an unknown reason, but not as a result of the test, the egg cracked, resulting in a possible change in the statistical distribution of the weight of the egg and affect ing the resulting length of the fall.And further more if our linear regression equation was well-tried in the future, the results may not be the equal if another egg was used due to the mass of every egg varying. In summary, after testing several jumps involving a different number of rubber bands each time and recording the corresponding length of how far the egg fell we had enough data to plot a scatter graph and formulate a linear regression equation that we could test any hypothesis without having to repeat the project itself.Discoveries made during the project was the close comparison in the tested data and the mathematical equation formulated by using excel or a scientific calculator. For an example when we tested 1 rubber band, the egg fell 10. 5 inches. Using the equation to solve for the answer D(r) = 3. 948(r) + 5. 758 D(r) = 3. 948(1) + 5. 758 D(r) = 9. 706 inches The experiment itself and the equation formulated from it, although not precise, it is an accurate represent ation of real outcomes of the amount of stretch along in the rubber bands as shown in the comparison model above.

Knowledge Management in Education

familiarity MANAGEMENT ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to all who gave their tin by dint ofout the process of writing this Seminar paper. I would alike like to thank my beloved lovely wife Edith Lisalitsa and my son Macdonald Lisalitsa for heavy(p) me humble time to concentrate in preparing this Seminar paper. I would in like manner wish to thank my classmates and session mates for their support. Special thanks, goes to my supervisor Mr. Abanti Cyrus Makori for his underlying support, patience, intellectual support and guidance.Most of all I thank the Almighty God for sustaining me through this process and natural dismissowment me good health, sound mind and strength to carry on. INTEGRATING familiarity MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN IMPROVING QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS ByLisalitsa Fred Ambutsi E-mail emailprotected com or emailprotected com Abstract. The sensitive trends of procedure of experience management corpse in product line plaque crap increased the need to integrate the cognition management administration in higher education sector.The current message used in technical institution in intimacy management is based on the sharps in discordant fields. The creation and transmitting is through case to face interactions, mentoring, organisation, and policies, routes and procedures, reports and staff development. This method does non conserve companionship, does not allow standardization, neither does it allow uni bod and maximum sharing of familiarity. intimacy management system open fire be integrated in technical education in order to improve management and its recitation.K at presentledge management system provides tools for capturing, fundamental law, de outlivery, tracking and assessment of various types of canvasing and training. The experience management allows improved do potentiality of lecturers and students improve sharing of internal and external sel ective entropy and improved in force(p)ness and efficiency. The objectives of the seminar paper be 1. To apply friendship management system in t individuallying at technical institution level. 2. To examine the ways of capturing and sorting experience for utilization in technical institution. 3.To investigate IT support of noesis management system and how it can be used in technical Education. 4. To investigate challenges technical institution ar facing Key words experience, Integrating, systems, learning. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATIONI DECLARATIONII ACKNOWLEDGMENTIII 1. 1 IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF intimacy2 2. CAPTURING AND SORTING KNOWLEDGE2 2. 1 STEPS IN KNOWLEDGE meeting place3 3. SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES6 4. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE WORKS6 5. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS7 6. KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS8 7. BENEFITS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS9 CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS12 9. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE13 10. INTERNET AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT14 11. shu tdown17 REFERENCES18 1. .INTRODUCTION Oz et al (2006) defines noesis management as the gang of activities involved in gathering, organizing, sharing, analyzing and disseminating familiarity to improve an organization performance. Information that can be gleaned from stored entropy is knowledge, much knowledge is accumulated through experience is in peoples minds, on paper notes, on discussion transcripts.Knowledge management is the attempt by organizations to put procedures and technologies in place to do the pursual a) Transfer individual knowledge into entropybases b) Filter and separate the most(prenominal) relevant knowledge. c) Organize that knowledge in databases that allow employees sluttish access to it. Barnes(2002) made the pastime interesting comparison round knowledge , schooling and data he says that knowledge as a justified personal belief that increases an individuals capacity to take effective action.Information is data interpreted in to a meansful frame, whereas knowledge is information that has been authenticated and thought to be true. Data is raw numbers and incidents, information is polished data and knowledge is information made achievable. match to Rainer et al(2007) The goal of knowledge management is to help organization to make most effective use of knowledge. it has the following benefits are ? Makes the crush practices, which are most effectives and efficient ways of doing things rapidly available to a wide range of employees ?Enhance access to best practices knowledge improves overall organization performance. ? Improved customer service. ? Most efficient product development. ? Improved employee morale and retention. Barnes(2002) says traditionally, knowledge creation and transfer has occurred through various sum much(prenominal) as face-to-face interactions (planned or adhoc), mentoring, job rotation and staff development. Barnes(2002) observes that the concept of coding and transmitting knowledge in organizatio n is not unsanded training and employee development programmes, organization policies routines, procedures, reports and manuals have served this function for twelvemonths.These traditional means may prove to be too slow, less(prenominal) effective and need of existence supplemented by by more efficient electronics methods. 1. 1 IMPORTANT DIMENSION OF KNOWLEDGE Data is a flow of events or transactions puzzled by organizations systems that by itself is useful for transacting but little else. To turn data into information a warm mustiness expend re ancestrys to organize data into categories of understanding, such as monthly, daily, regional or stored based reports of the total sales.To veer information ito knowledge the firm must expend additional resources to discover patterns, rules and context where the knowledge excogitates. Finally wisdom is thought to be the collective and individual experiences of applying knowledge to the solutions of puzzles. Wisdom involves where, whe n, and how to apply knowledge. Knowledge is both individual prop and collective attribute of the firm. Knowledge is stored in libraries, and records, shared in lectures and stored by firms in the form of business process and employee know how Laudon and Laudon (2006). . CAPTURING AND SORTING KNOWLEDGE (a) Online questionnaires According to Oz et al (2006)3 knowledge can be captured through the use of online questionnaires. Some of the questionnaires provide multiple choice answers, which make the input structured and easy to sort and analyze, but just astir(predicate) of the most valuable input is in the form of slack text. Knowledge can also be done by use of software such as polygamist to analyze data form (Megaputer intelligence). . A good example is Watson an application created by intellect.It is installed in a PC and embedded in Microsoft pronounce, PowerPoint and Outlook. It analyses and employees account as it is being written, creates an automatic query roughly the s ubject, reaches out onto the knowledge management program and pulls information that might be applicable to the task at hand. (b) Software Tools Oz et al(2006) also describes that Knowledge can also be captured by use of software tools that pursuit for such information and derive valuable business knowledge form it. For example Online Audience Analysis software that was essential by Accenture Technology Labs.Such tools help organization add to their knowledge base curiously in terms of what others say about their product and services. The tools take into account factors such as its industry, context in which an enquiry works to select and suffer the proper information. (c) Knowledge network systems Laudon and Laudon (2006) say that knowledge network systems also known as ripeise location and management systems, provides an online directory of corporate experts in hearty defined knowledge domains and use communication to find the appropriate expert in the comp whatever.Some kno wledge network systems go further by systematizing the solutions being developed by experts and then storing the solutions in a knowledge database as best practices or frequently asked questions (FAQ), repository e. g. AskMe, inc offers a widely adopted enterprise knowledge net system. (d) Employee Knowledge networks facilitates knowledge sharing through intranets. Tacit systems activates tool continuously process email, documents and other business communication and automatically discover each employee work focus, expertise and business relation ship.This tool mines this unstructured data to build a profile of each employee in terms of topics and interests. The goal is to look that two people who might benefit from creating a connection in a work place do so, so that one can learn form the expertise of another about issues. According to Oz(2006)some companies have developed software tools that search for such information and derive valuable business knowledge form it. E. g. Accent ure Technology labs developed audience analysis such tools helps organization add to their knowledge base especially in terms of what others say about their product and services.The tool takes into account factors such as the industry and context in which an enquirer works to select and deliver the proper information. (f) A network portal also known as a links page, presents information from diverse sources in a unified way. Apart from the standard search railway locomotive feature, web portals offer other services such as e-mail, news, stock prices, information, databases and entertainment. Portals provide a way for enterprises to provide a undifferentiated look and looking with access obtain and procedures for multiple applications and databases, which otherwise would have been different entities altogether.Examples of public web portals are MSN, Yahoo , AOL, iGoogle and Netvibes. 2. 1 STEPS IN KNOWLEDGE GATHERING The first challenge in the knowledge-gathering process is simply deciding what knowledge to gather. For example, while identifying the most frequently asked questions is critical for a self-service web berth implementation, call centers will also need to know the most frequently escalated questions. Moreover, while management goals may center around ROI issues, the system must be designed with users in mind, or it will not be successful.According to paper published by eGain Communications Corporation 2004 that appeared in the internet and internetworking here is a step-by-step review of the knowledge-gathering process. Step 1 Building the team There are four functions in the knowledge management team Lead expert The individual (or individuals) who decides how the knowledge base will be organized, which topics will be covered, and to what extent. Users Call center agents who have good performance records and can provide suggestions. Knowledge authors Individuals who are technically trained in exploitation authoring tools. Project four-in-h and. The individual who keeps the project on track. Depending on the scope of the project, one person may form several roles. Step 2 Assessing the value of knowledge The best way to determine what knowledge should be gathered is to estimate what the value to your enterprise would be if every agent managed service interactions by effectively using that knowledge Step 3 Setting content boundariesWhen defining the scope of the knowledge base, the most common mistake is to try to include too much. Overly ambitious deployments almost always result in whats called the Swiss cheese problema knowledge base that is solid in places, but full of holes. This is a recipe for failure, because if users cant find the answers they want most of the time, or get the wrong answers, they will quickly stop using the system. It is better to be thorough with a limited area than to cover a broad area superficially.For instance, for an enterprise that sells printers, scanners, fax machines, and copiers, th e best approach would be to cover one product line thoroughly, rather than all products at once. Step 4 Prioritizing objectives Establishing the value of knowledge enables prioritization, but this process may involve trade-offs. For example, in a technology subscription environment like cable TV, Internet service provision, or mobile telephony, there are typically deuce-ace competing goals Speed of problem resolution (the right answer focus) The shorter the average duration of a call, the ower the cost to the enterprise. client retention Educating customers about unused features can result in greater customer acceptance and lower churn. Up-selling and cross-selling It may be that the best solution to a customers problem is selling that customer a higher tier of service or an add-on product. Enterprises must match their knowledge systems and processes to the service priorities. Step 5 Setting time boundaries In our experience with many deployments, a time-boxed approach to knowl edge gathering works best.If the deployment appears to be falling tail end schedule, narrowing the scope of the knowledge base (to avoid the Swiss cheese problem) and finishing on schedule is the way to go. The reasonableness has to do with ROIthe main reason for the deployment to begin with. The vaster it takes to get the system up and running, the longer it takes to achieve the ROI. If the knowledge scope has been correctly identified and prioritized, the most important questions will be covered. moreover, it is always possible to expand the scope later.As a rough guide, a typical enterprise deployment should not take longer than three months (after planning is done), with three or four full-time people engaged. This period includes software installation, knowledge gathering, and testing both the quality of the knowledge base as well as the performance of the system. Step 6 Selecting and managing experts Obviously, the people who contribute to the knowledge base must be technic ally competent, but it is equally important that they not be too out-of-the-way(prenominal) removed from day-to-day customer contact.Successful knowledge management computes as much on the questions as the answers, and it is sometimes difficult for subject outlet experts to stoop to the level of ordinary customers who may not know complex details like the baud rate of their modem or whether their mutual fund is front-loaded or back-loaded. There is another very important issue with experts the reluctance to share knowledge and the fear of being replaced by a machine. It is important, therefore, that enterprises plan and communicate how the role of the experts will change once knowledge management has been implemented.Moreover, enterprises should create incentives for domain experts to share their knowledge with the rest of the organization. Step 7 Controlling content erst the knowledge gathering process has been completed, results must be reviewed in light of strategic objectiv es. It is critical for organizations to set up a review process for approving the final content of the knowledge base. This includes determining who (beyond the experts) should review the content, and who has the authority to make final decisions. There are good reasons for not leaving these decisions to content experts alone.For example, any material an enterprise presents to the public can have legal or safety implications. One good approach to quality control is the use of workflow authoring software where agents (or customers and partners, in the case of self-service) can suggest additions or changes, but only authorized individuals can approve them. 3. SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES According Laudon and Laudon (2006) major commercialized knowledge management systems vendors has integrated their content and document management capabilities with powerful portal and collaboration technologies.Enterprise knowledge portals can provide access to external sources of information such as ne ws feeds and look as well as to internal knowledge recourses along with capabilities for e-mail, chat, instant, messaging, discussion groups and icon conferencing . Laudon and Laudon (2006) further states that companies are now staring to use consumer web technologies such as blogs, wikies and social booking marking for internal use to facilitate the exchange of information between individuals and teams. E. g. Intel COE capital of Minnesota Otellini has a Blog for conveying his thoughts.Learning management systems provides tools for the management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training. Contemporary leanaing management system support multiple modes including CD-ROM, downloadable video, web based classes live instruction in cases or online and group learning. In online forums and chat sessions. Learning management systems consolidate mixed media training, automatic the selection and administration of courses, assemble and deliver lear ning content and measure learing effectiveness. (Laudon and Laudon 2006). 4. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE WORKSOslon(2000) describes the following as types of knowledge works. a) Diagnosis and problem finding These are knowledge work because they depend severely on knowledge and expertise of the analyst or diagnostician. The work of diagnosis tends to be semi structured and unstructured b) Planning and decision reservation numerous people who engage in knowledge work may contribute to the decision making process. Staff professions such as financials analyst or foodstuff researchers are responsible for collecting and analyzing data before results are presented to the person responsible for decision making.Planning and decision making are knowledge work because they depend on expertise of the decision maker and manipulation of data using decision model. Highly structured programmed decision making has less knowledge work content than unstructured decision making. c) Monitoring and control M any monitoring and control activities can be structured and made fairly routine. Analysis of the meaning and of monitoring reports and analysis of variances often require expertise and judgment on the part of the reviewer, these monitoring and control activities are knowledge. ) Organizing and scheduling Organizing is critical component of knowledge work productivityand scheduling is a structuring activity which establishes a time sequence to other activities including personal activities and meetings. e) Authoring and presentation The objective of this class of knowledge to to progress from an idead through multiple media transformation to a final presentation form, whether document, diagram, or a set of visual aids for a presentation. 5. TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS a) Structured knowledge systems Some knowledge exists already somewhere in the form of structures text documents and reports or presentation, and the central problems organizing this existing structured knowle dge into a library and making it accessible throughout the firm. (b) Semi structured knowledge systems Managers may also need information that exists somewhere inside the firm in the form of less structured documents, such as e-mail, voice mail, chat room exchangers , video, digital pictures, brochures, bulletins boards.This knowledge can be stored in knowledge repository. Knowledge repository is assembling of internal and external knowledge in single location for more efficient management and utilization by the organization. 6. KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS McLeod Jr(1998) describes artificial Intelligence, quick systems as knowledge based system. He further expounds as follows (a) Artificial Intelligence Is the activity of providing such machines as computers with the ability to display behaviour that would be regarded as intelligent if it were observed in humans.A. I represent the most sophisticated form of human reasoning. According to OBrien(2004) Artificial Intelligence offers the following advantages of knowledge systems. Reducing training time Reducing training costs. Replication valuable expertise Reducing operation response time. Presenting valuable knowledge (b) gifted system Is a computer program that attempts to represent knowledge of human experts in the form of heuristics. Expert system is expected to Better performance for the firmAs the managers extend their problem solving abilities through the use of the expert systems the firms control mechanism is improved. The firm is better able to meet its objectives. To maintain control over the firms Knowledge expert systems afford the opportunity to make the experiences employees knowledge more available to new, less experiences employees and to keep that knowledge in the firm long even after the employee have left the firm The expert system outputs through Explanation of questions The manager may desire explanation while the expert systems perform its reasoning.Theses is done through questions as the expert system provides the explanation Explanation of the problem solution after the expert systems provides a problem solution, the manager can ask for an explanation of how it ws reached. The expert system will display, each of the reasoning steps leading to the solution (c) finality Support System finding support system provides information and models in aform to facilitate tactical and strategies decision making. They are information system that support management decision making by integrating Company performance data Business rules based on decisions display boards. Analytical tools and models for forecast and planning Easy to use graphical interface Decision support system tends to be used for adhoc queries rather than regular reporting. The technology varies particularly rapidly in this area and the newest development such as data warehouse attests to this Bocij (2009) (d) Executive Support Systems provides senior management with system to assist them in taking strategic and tactical decision.The purpose is to analyze compare and play up trends to help govern the strategic direction of accompany. They are commonly integrated with ope demythologised systems giving managers the falilitioan drill to find out further information or a problem Bocij(2006) (e) Hypermedia system Provides computer based storage of documents composed of text, graphs, diagrams, sound, schematics, pictures motion, video and the link. Hyper documents include not only document but also indexes for cross references its materials Kroenke and Hatch(1989). f) Interactive Video Is atype of knowledge system, video segments integrated via a menu processing application. Interactive video application overcome on of the biggest disadvantages of video media. The requirements of sequential access instead users are presented with video segments that they can control through a menu Kroenke and Hatch(1989). 7. BENEFITS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS a) Improves service for students b) Improves services capability of expertness and staff c) Improved effectiveness and efficiency of advising efforts. ) Improved ability to identify improvement efforts. e) Improved sharing of internal and external information to play down superfluous efforts and lessen the reporting burden f) Reduce turn around time for research. g) Facilitation of inter-disciplinary research h) Increased competitive and responsiveness for research grants, contracts and commercial opportunities. According to by Jillinda J. etl (2000) the benefit of Knowledge management in the area of research which is the key to learning especially in higher education is as depict in table 1 below.Table 1 Application and Benefits of KM for the Research Process Knowledge management Application Benefits A repository of Increased battle and responsiveness for Research interests within an institution or at affiliated institutions (potential research grants, contracts, and commercial Subcontractors). opportunities. Research results (where possible) and funding organizations (federal agencies, foundations, Reduced turnaround time for research. and corporations) with easy search capabilities to facilitate interdisciplinary Minimized devotion of research resources to opportunities. administrative tasks. Commercial opportunities for research results. Facilitation of interdisciplinary research. A portal for research administration procedures and best practices colligate to Leveraging of previous research and proposal Funding opportunities. efforts. Pre-populated proposals, budgets, and protocols. Improved internal and external services and Proposal-routing policies and procedures. effectiveness. Award notification, account setup, and negotiation policies and procedures. Reduced administrative costs. Contract and grant management policies and procedures. Technical and financial report templates and policies and procedures. Overview of internal services, resources, and staff. Jillinda J. etl (2000) also derived the following application and benefits of management as stated in table 2 below. Table 2 Application and Benefits of KM for the Curriculum Development Process Knowledge Management Application Benefits Repository of computer program revision efforts that includes research conducted, effectiveness Enhanced quality of curriculum and programs by measures, best practices, lessons intimate, and so forth. identifying and leveraging best practices and Repository of content modularized and arranged to facilitate interdisciplinary curriculum monitoring outcomes. design and development. Improved speed of curriculum revision and Portal of information related to teaching and learning with technology, including faculty updating. development opportunities, outcomes tracking, lessons learned, best practices, technology Enhanced faculty development efforts, especially overviews, and so forth. for new faculty. Hubs of information in each disciplinary area, inclu ding updated materials, recent Improved administrative services related to publications, applicable research, and so forth. teaching and learning with technology. Repository of pedagogy and assessment techniques, including best practices, outcomes Improved responsiveness by monitoring and tracking, faculty development opportunities, and research. incorporating lessons learned from the Repository of analyzed student evaluations updated each semester for lessons learned and experiences of colleagues, student evaluations, best practices for all faculty. and corporate or other constituent input. Portal for new faculty with guides for developing curriculum, working with senior faculty, Interdisciplinary curriculum design and establishing effective teaching styles, advising dos and donts, supervising PhD students, development facilitated by navigating crosswise and so forth. departmental boundaries. Repository of corporate relationships to identify curriculum design advisory task forces, guest speakers, adjuncts, case study targets, and so forth. 8 CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS According to a document posted on internet by Kristy Annely (2006) Most of the challenges in knowledge management primarily stem from the types of knowledge reuse situations and purposes. Knowledge workers may produce knowledge that they themselves reuse while working.However, each knowledge re-use situation is unique in terms of requirements and context. Whenever these differences between the knowledge re-use situations are ignored, the organization faces various challenges in implementing its knowledge management practices. Some of the common challenges resulting due to this and other factors are listed below. (a) Willingness to share Knowledge The employees may not be willing to share their personal tacit knowledge. This call for a scheme to reward employees who add expertise to the knowledgebase. Knowledge base must be continually maintained and upda ted. radical knowledge must be added and old, outdated knowledge must be deleted. (b) Data Accuracy Valuable raw data generated by a particular group within an organization may need to be validated before being transformed into normalized or consistent content. (c) Data Interpretation Information derived by one group may need to be mapped to a standard context in order to be meaningful to someone else in the organization. Data Relevancy The quality and value of knowledge depend on relevance. Knowledge that lacks relevance simply adds complexity, cost, and risk to an organization without any compensating benefits.If the data does not support or truly answer the question being asked by the user, it requires the appropriate meta-data (data about data) to be held in the knowledge management solution. (d) Ability of the data to support/deny hypotheses Does the information truly support decision-making? Does the knowledge management solution include a statistical or rule-based model for t he workflow within which the question is being asked? Adoption of knowledge management solutions Do organizational cultures foster and support voluntary usage of knowledge management solutions? e) Knowledge bases tend to be very complex and large When knowledge databases become very large and complex, it puts the organization in a fix. The organization could cleanse the system of very old files, therefrom diluting its own knowledge management initiative. Alternatively, it could set up another team to cleanse the database of redundant files, thus increasing its costs substantially. Apart from these, the real challenge for an organization could be to monitor various departments and ensure that they take responsibility for keeping their repositories clean of redundant files. . TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE (i) Tacit and Explicit Knowledge The distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge is critical in appreciating the scope of knowledge management and how it differs from information and data management. Nonaka8 refers to the spiral of knowledge where new knowledge always begins with the personal. For example, a researcher has insights that lead to a new patent. Explicit knowledge deals with more objectives, rational and technical knowledge. Consist of policies, procedures, guides, reports, products strategies, goals, core competencies and it infrastructure.Is the knowledge that has been codified (documented) in a form that can be distributed to others or transformed into a process system? Tacit knowledge is a cumulative store of subjective or experimental learning. In organization Tacit knowledge consists of experiences, insights, expertise, know-how, trade secrets, skills sets, understanding and learning. It also includes the organization culture, which reflects the past ans present experiences of the organization peoples and processes as well as prevailing and costly to transfer.It is also highly primal because is unstructured, it is difficult to corroborate or cod ify Rainer etl (2009). Nonaka(1991) identifies four basic patterns for creating knowledge in any organization (a) From Tacit to Tacit. When one individual shares tacit knowledge with another in face-to-face contact. (b) From Explicit to Explicit. When an individual combines discrete pieces of explicit knowledge into a new whole, such as a finance manager collecting and synthesizing information and opinions from different parts of the organization then putting this into a financial report.. c)From Tacit to Explicit. This extends the organizations knowledge base by codifying experience, insight, or judgment into a form which can be reused by others. (d) From Explicit to Tacit. When staff begin to internalize new or shared explicit knowledge and then use it to broaden, extend, and second thought their own tacit knowledge. 10. INTERNET AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Blogging Himanshu (2009) says blogging is a greatest source to share things on Internet. Slowly blogging taking place of online media in fact Blogging is now an example of online media.Many news agencies buy news from blogging companies time to time. There are enormous advantages of Blogging. Some of the advantages of blogging which enhances performance of any blogger are Blogging brings lots of knowledge. From Word press to blogger, server to host, blogging to make money online, resources to online tutorials, bloggers get aware of all the small to big things present on the internet. Also blogging teach people to use internet resources effectively. Why Blogging is so democratic Duermyer (2008) explains that Blogging is very popular today because it llows people to interact with each other. Blogging has also become a popular search engine optimization (SEO) tool because search engines like Google and Yahoo know that a blog is frequently updated with content or lambasteor comments, so their spiders visit blogs frequently looking for new content to include in their index. Additionally, blog content can be deli vered automatically via electronic RSS (Really Simple Syndication) data feeds. Visitors involve to a blogs feeds in order to stay up to date with content thats being posted on subjects that interest them.Cassanova(2007) say that blog templates are coded in a way that theyre well viewed by the Googles search engines. So we can consider this as an advantage since your blog will get much business from google if youre using his templates. He further explains that a blogger is flexible with all kind of entries like the bookmarking tools in footers and RSS subscription like FeedBurner. Blogger also allows for easy comments moderation and posts edition. However they have some Drawbacks e. g The dot blogspot subdomain can affect the image of your blog when it comes to advertisers to choose where to advertise for their products.Actually, its not only about Blogger but its the drawback of having a salve domain name and Unlike other Blogging templates themes, blogspots arent really beautifu l. You can do a better presentation with WordPress. Moreover, the columns are difficult to manipulate you can merely get three columns with blogspot while its easy with wordpress.. (a) Word Press Site ground knowledge base defines Word Press as an open source blog publishing application and can be used for basic content management According to an article presented in the internet it is the most popular web blogging software because it provides Ease of use.WordPress is suitable for just about anybody from the absolute novice to the advanced programmer. Feature-rich interface. WordPress has a rich text editor with advanced multimedia system support Expandable. WordPresss community distributes a large number of modules for almost any popular website feature It is Open Source. This means it is free to install, use and distribute WordPress on your site. (b) Face book According to the web site page on http//www. vfw. org Face book is a social networking service that lets you connec t with friends, o-workers, and others who share standardized interests or who have common backgrounds. Facebook enables users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region. The websites name stems from the colloquial name of books given at the start of the academic year by university administrations with the intention of helping students get to know each other better. Agnes(2008)says Clients or users can make groups and conversation or discussion topics. This assemblage or group can cultivate, or be gone alone to pass away, depending on the clients or users and their involvement..Facebook is a one-stop shop or supermarket for imparting blogging, media, calendaring, communicating, sharing ideas or information and others. Facebook can provide Cooperative Extension abilities or capabilities to work together and construct our networks in a single place by giving one place without difficulty, imparting ideas or information and discuss subject or topics of interest. F ace book brings jointly more than a few online apparatus. Furthermore to being capable to impart ideas or information and pictures, you can append applications few examples are Flickr , del. cio. us, Twitter, your blog, news feeds to your Facebook home. (c) Youtobe Geller(2008) defines YouTube as an online public communications site. The site allows for registered users to upload and have available for the public their videos for viewing. Anyone who goes to the site can view the videos that are posted on this site. The videos are anything from beginner videos to more professional videos. McGrath (2008) suggest using the technology (video) to capture knowledge dumps that can be prepared and stored for distribution.Face it, a video capture of someones thoughts and actions delivered with their passion or emotion of the situation is far better (and a lot quicker) than trying to capture the same knowledge in writing. More specifically, he had several great ideas Use video to capture kno wledge and a YouTube-type repository for storage and distribution. Use Blogs for day-to-day capture of activities and what is being worked on. Use a Wiki for collaborative projects. Use adelicious-style tagging system for classification.McGraths suggesting the utilization of todays most popular technologies for knowledge management purposes is strong and useful advice. (d) Wiki According to Tech Terms Computer Dictionary (http//www. techterms. com/ ) A wiki is a Web site that allows users to add and update content on the site using their own Web browser. This is made possible by Wiki software that runs on the Web server. Wikis end up being created mainly by a collaborative effort of the site visitors. A great example of a large wiki is the Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia in many languages that anyone can edit.Wikis can be used for a number of purposes On public Web sites to enable end users to slow contribute information. In teaching. Wikis can provide an opportunity to learn a bout team working, trust, etc. A good example is provided by Queens University Belfast . By researchers. Wikis are by Web researchers to make it easier to develop collaborative documents e. g. the FOAF Wiki . On Intranets, where departmental administrators with minimal HTML experience may be able to manage departmental content. Wikis can be used at events for note-taking e. g. in discussion groups . ) Flickr Hendricks (2009) explains that An easy way to share videos and pictures of the people you love has brought about a social media networking site called Flickr. In a society of overwhelming social media networking sites, it is refreshing to find a website like Flickr with a specific purpose. Flickr was designed in February 2004 and has been growing since. It is in more ways than one a media site for the people. Members are able to upload their favorite pictures and videos to share. Some of the key features of Flickr not initially present but soon added are the abilities to sep arate your pictures.You can mark some as favorites, or separate them into groups. Tagging provides to be a instrumental addition as well in order to keep the pictures organized and document people and dates. It is also possible to share your pictures with friends only or publicly. 11. CONCLUSION Technical education institutions are in the knowledge business, since they are involved in knowledge creation and dissemination and learning. Knowledge Management can transform technical schools to new levels of effectiveness, efficiency, and scope of operation. Through advancements in technology, data and information are readily available.The technical institutions lecturers and students able to discover and learn new measures, new technologies, and new opportunities, but this requires the ability to gather information in usable formats and disseminate knowledge to achieve the organizations objectives. Knowledge Management can continually help discovering what an organization knowscodifyin g tacit knowledge, Data Mining, and Intelligence continually increasing what the organization knowsorganizational learning and communities of practice, and continually organizing and disseminating knowledge for use by the students and for research. 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